Animal locomotion or walking, swimming, and flying

Fülszöveg

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
The Engravings are, with few exceptions, from Photographs, Drawings, and Designs by Mr. Charles Berjeau and the Author. Such as are not original are duly acknowledged.
page
Frontispiece.
In the clutch of the enemy—{The Graphic).
The three orders of lever—[Bishop), . . . . 19, 20
The skeleton of a Deer—(Pander and D''Alton), . . 21
Muscular cycle in the act of flexing the arm, . . .25
Screws formed by the bones of the wing of the bird, the bones of the anterior extremity of the Elephant, and the cast of the interior of the left ventricle of the heart, . . .28
The muscular system of the Horse—[Bagg), . . .30
The feet of the Deer, Oruithorhynchus, Otter, Frog, and Seal, . 34 The Red-throated Dragon, . . . . .35
The Flying Lemur, 35
The Bat, 36
Chillingham Bull with extremities describing figure-of-8 movements, 37
Double waved tracks described by Man in walking, . . 39
Horse in the act of trotting, . . . . .41
¦ Footprints of the Horse in... Tovább

Fülszöveg

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
The Engravings are, with few exceptions, from Photographs, Drawings, and Designs by Mr. Charles Berjeau and the Author. Such as are not original are duly acknowledged.
page
Frontispiece.
In the clutch of the enemy—{The Graphic).
The three orders of lever—[Bishop), . . . . 19, 20
The skeleton of a Deer—(Pander and D''Alton), . . 21
Muscular cycle in the act of flexing the arm, . . .25
Screws formed by the bones of the wing of the bird, the bones of the anterior extremity of the Elephant, and the cast of the interior of the left ventricle of the heart, . . .28
The muscular system of the Horse—[Bagg), . . .30
The feet of the Deer, Oruithorhynchus, Otter, Frog, and Seal, . 34 The Red-throated Dragon, . . . . .35
The Flying Lemur, 35
The Bat, 36
Chillingham Bull with extremities describing figure-of-8 movements, 37
Double waved tracks described by Man in walking, . . 39
Horse in the act of trotting, . . . . .41
¦ Footprints of the Horse in the walk, trot, and gallop—{Oamgee), 43 Skeleton of the Ostrich—(Dallas), . . . .47
Ostriches pursued by a hunter, . . . .48
Skeleton of Man, 55
The positions assumed by the extremities and feet in walking
— ( Weber) 59
Preparing to run—(Flaxman), . . . . .62
The skeleton of a Verah.—(Dallas), . . . .65
The Salmon swimming leisurely, . . . .65
Swimming of the fish according to Borelli, . . .67
Swimming of the fish according to the Author, . . 68
Xll
list of illusteations.
PAGE
73
74 74 76 81
The Porijoise and Manatee,
The skeleton of the Dngong—(Dallas), . ¦ .
The Seal,
The Sea-Bear,
The elliptical, looped, and spiral tracks made in swimming, The several attitudes assumed hy the extremities in swimming
in the prone position. Overhand swimming. Side swimming.
Swimming of the Turtle and Triton, Swimming of the Little Penguin, Sub-aquatic flight or diving,
The feet of the Swan as seen in the open and closed condition The foot of the Grebe with swimming membrane—(Dallas), Double waved track described by the feet of swimming birds, The flight of the Flying-fish, The wing a lever of the third order, Figure-of-8 vertical track made by the wing in flight, .
Do. horizontal track, Feathers and cork flying forward,
Diagram illustrating how wings obtain their high speed. Butterfly with large wings, Beetle with small wings,
Partridge with small wings; Heron with large wings, The wings of the Hawk and Albatross,
The Green Plover with one wing flexed and the other extended. Blur or impression produced on the eye by the rapidly oscillating wing of the insect, . . . . .139 Diagram in which the down and up strokes of the wing of the
insect are analysed, 141
Diagrams illustrating the looped and waved tracks described
by the wing of the insect, bat, and bird, . . . 144
Figures showing the positions assumed by the wing of the bird
during the up and down strokes (side view), . . 145
The positions assumed by the wing of the insect as it hastens
to and fro and describes a figure-of-8 track, . . 141
The figure-of-8 curves made by the wing of the bird in flexion
and exten.sion, 147
The long and short axes of the wing, . . . .149
'I'he waved tracks described by the wing and body of the bird
as they alternately rise and fall, . . . 157, 163
82
85
86 89 91 94
96
97
97
98 105
107
108 112 120
124
125
126 136, 137
138
list of illustiiations.
Xlll
The positions assumed by the wing of the bird during the
down and up strokes (front view), . . .158
Analysis of the movements of the wing, . . 160,161
•The kite-like action and waved movements of the wing, . 166 The Centaur Beetle and Water Bug, . . . .171
The Dragon Fly, 172
The screws formed by the wing of the insect, bat, and bird, 174, 175,176 The muscles, elastic ligaments, and feathers of the wing of the
bird, 181
The flight of the King-fisher, . . . . .183
The flight of the Gull, 186
The flight of the Owl, . . . . . .198
The flight of the Albatross, . . . . .200
Pigeon and Duck alighting, 203, 204
Hawk and quarry—{The Graphic), 206
The Vauxhall Ballooa of Mr. Green, . . . .208
Mr. Henson's Flying Machine, . . . . .212
Mr. Stringfellow's Flying Machine, . . . .213
Sir George Cayley's Flying Apparatus, . . . 215
Flying Machine designed by De la Landelle, . . .217
Borelli's Artificial Bird, . . . . .220
Diagrams illustrating the true and false action of the wing, . 228 The sculling action of the wing as seen in the bird, . .231
The artificial wave wing of the Author, . . . 237
Do. do. with driving apparatus, . . 239
Various forms of artiflcial wings by the Author, . .241
The compound wave wing of the Author, . . . 243
Diagrams illustrative of artificial wing movements, . . 250
Diagram illustrating the currents produced by the movements
of artificial wings, 253
The aerial wave screw of the Author, 256
Swallow in pursuit of insects, . . . . . 260 Vissza