| Abstract | I |
| Acknowledgements | III |
| Abbreviations | V |
| How to read this document | VII |
| Table of Contents | IX |
| Introduction | |
| Foreign language education in Hungary | 1 |
| Hungarian involvement in the Council of Europe | 11 |
| Research questions | 13 |
| Review of Literature | |
| Vocationally-oriented language learning | 17 |
| A leader-centred approach | 20 |
| Hypotheses | 28 |
| Research Design | |
| Questionnaire design | 33 |
| Student questionnaire B | 34 |
| Teacher questionnaire A | 36 |
| Business communinty questionnaire C | 37 |
| Accompanying documentation | 37 |
| Validation of questionnaires | 38 |
| Subjects for the student and teacher questionnaire | 39 |
| Subject for the bisiness community questionnaire | 43 |
| Data analysis | 47 |
| Results and discussion of student data | 51 |
| Sevction I: Foreign language background | 51 |
| Present language study | 52 |
| Past language study | 64 |
| Nationally/Internationally recognized exams | 69 |
| Self-evaluation of language skills | 74 |
| Summary of findings | 86 |
| Section II: Purpose for foreign language study | 90 |
| Past and present study purpose | 91 |
| Future language study | 100 |
| Language skills to improve for future study | 107 |
| Expected language use for vocational or academic purposes | 117 |
| Expected language use for general purposes | 127 |
| Specific reason for foreign language study | 135 |
| Summary of findings | 156 |
| Section III: Learning preferences | 163 |
| Learning Activities | 163 |
| Learning Methods | 182 |
| Summary of findings | 192 |
| Section IV: Attitudes toward foreign language teaching | 194 |
| Teaching issues | 194 |
| Learning issues | 201 |
| Summary of findings | 220 |
| Results and discussion of teacher data | 225 |
| Section I: Foreign language background | 225 |
| Foreign language study | 226 |
| Foreign language teaching background | 229 |
| Section II: Institute foreign language teaching preactices | 240 |
| General foreign language requirements | 240 |
| Testing policies | 249 |
| VOLL requirements | 253 |
| Summary of findings | 255 |
| Section III: Vocationally-oriented language teaching | 258 |
| Vocational language courses | 258 |
| Vocational teacher training | 262 |
| Summary of findings | 266 |
| Section IV: Student purpose for foreing language study | 269 |
| Expected language use for vocational or academic purposes | 269 |
| Expected language use for general purposes | 278 |
| Specific reasons for foreign language study | 286 |
| Summary of findings | 300 |
| Section V: Teaching materials and resources | 304 |
| General analysis | |
| Field analysis | |
| Level analysis | |
| Summary of findings | 320 |
| Section VI: Teaching preferences | 323 |
| Learning activities | 323 |
| Learning methods | 348 |
| Summary of findings | 356 |
| Section VII: Attitudes toward foreign language teahing | 359 |
| General analysis | |
| Field analysis | |
| Level analysis | |
| Summary of findings | 390 |
| Section VIII: Summary of open-ended responses | 394 |
| Comparison of student and teacher data | 397 |
| Section I: Purposes for foreign language study | 397 |
| Expected language use for vovcational or academic purposes | 398 |
| Expected language use for general purposes | 402 |
| Specific reasons for foreign language study | 405 |
| Summary of findings | 412 |
| Section II: Learning preferences | 416 |
| Learning activities | 416 |
| Learning methods | 427 |
| Summary of findings | 432 |
| Section III: Attitudes toward foreign language learning | 434 |
| Summary of findings | 440 |
| Results and discussion of the business community data | 443 |
| Section I: Foreign language use | 443 |
| Foreign language education policies | 444 |
| Foreign languages in the workplace | 445 |
| Summary of findings | 463 |
| Section II: Summary of open-ended responses | 465 |
| Recommendations and conclusions | 471 |
| Section I: Teaching Issues in VOLL | 471 |
| Number of lessons | |
| Number of foreign languages | |
| Strategic Planning of VOLL | |
| Suggested Guidelines | |
| Purpose for VOLL: Heightening Awareness | |
| Evaluation in VOLL | |
| Section II: Teacher training | 483 |
| In-service training | |
| Pre-service training | |
| The VOLT Component in Teacher Training | |
| Methodology | |
| Materials developement | |
| Section III: Conclusions | 492 |
| Appendixes | |
| Questionnaires and documentation | 495 |
| Participants | 539 |
| Chapter three | 569 |
| Chapter four | 575 |
| Chapter five | 613 |
| Chapter six | 637 |
| Explanation of data profiles | 641 |
| Field profiles | 647 |
| Level profiles | 709 |
| Student profiles | 725 |
| Teacher profiles | 739 |
| Business profiles | 749 |
| Bibliography | 759 |