Physical Metallurgy 1.

Tartalom

Contents
Preface 9
Part One
The Theory of Alloys
Chapter 1. The Crystal Structure of Metals 11
l-l. Metals 11
1-2. Classification of Metals 14
1-3. Crystal Structure of Metals 19
1-4. The Crystal Lattices of Metals 20
1-5. Real Structure of Metallic Crystals 26
1-6. Anisotropy of Properties of Crystals 32
1-7. Methods for Studying the Metál Structure 33
Literature 39
Chapter 2. Crystallization 40
2-1. Three States of Matter 40
2-2. Energy Conditions for Crystallization 41
2-3. The Mechanism of Crystallization 43
2-4. The Shape of Crystal Formations 47
2-5. The Structure of Ingót 49
2-6. Solid-state Transformations. Allotropy 51
2-7. Magnetic Transformations 55
Literature 56
Chapter 3. Mechanical Properties. Strain Hardening and Recrystallization 57
3-1. Metals and Non-metals 57
3-2. Elastic and Plastic Deformations. Lattice Imperfections
and Strength of Metals 57
3-3. Fracture 66
3-4. Methods for Testing Mechanical Properties 73
3-5. Strain Hardening 79
3-6. Effect of Heating on the Structure and Properties of Deformed Metál (Recrystallization Processes) 81
Literature 91
Chapter 4. The Structure of Alloys 93
4-1. Mechanical Mixture 93
4-2. Chemical Compound 94
4-3. Solid Solution Based on a Component of an Alloy ... gg
4-4. A Solid Solution Based on a Chemical Compound ion
'4-5. Ordered Solid Solutions 101
4-6. Electronic Compounds (Hume-Rothery Phases) 102
4-7. Laves Phases 103
4-8. Interstitial Phases 103
Literature 104
Chapter 5. Constitutional Diagrams 105
5-1. Gibbs' Phase Rule 105
5-2. General Remarks on the Construction of Constitutional
Diagrams 108
5-3. Experimentál Construction of Constitutional Diagrams 110
5-4. The Constitutional Diagram of Systems Forming Mechanical Mixtures of Pure Constituents (First-order Systems) 114
5-5. The Lever Rule 117
5-6. The Constitutional Diagram of Systems with Unlimited
Solubility of Constituents in the Solid State (Secondorder Systems) 119
5-7. The Constitutional Diagram of Systems with Limited
Solubility in the Solid State (Third-order Systems) 121
5-8. The Constitutional Diagram of Systems Forming Chemical
Compounds (Fourth-order Systems) 126
5-9. The Constitutional Diagram of Systems Undergoing Polymorphous Transformations 130
5-10. Non-equilibrium Crystallization of Alloys 132
5-11. Three-component (Ternary) Systems 139
5-12. Simplified Methods for Analysis of Multi-component
Systems 148
5-13. Correlation Between Properfies of Alloys and Type of
Constitutional Diagram 151
Literature 153
Part Two
Iron-carbon Alloys
Chapter 6. The Iron-carbon Constitutional Diagram 154
6-1. History 154
6-2. Iron 156
6-3. Cementite 160
6-4. The Constitutional Diagram 161
Literature 174
Chapter 7. Carbon Steels 175
7-1. Effect of Carbon 176
7-2. Effect of Permanent Impurities on Steel Properties . . . 178
7-3. Steels Produced by Various Processes. Clean Steel . . . 185
7-4. Plain Carbon Steels 189
7-5. Work-hardened Steel 193
7-6. Steel Sheets for Cold Forming 194
7-7. Machinability of Steels. Automatic Steels 194
Literature 197
Chapter 8. Cast Iron 198
8-1. Graphitization 198
8-2. The Structures of Cast Iron. Forms of Graphite 204
8-3. The Structure and Properties of Cast Iron 207
8-4. Effect of Impurities 209
8-5. Effect of Cooling Rate 210
8-6. Grades of Grey and High-strength Cast Irons 211
8-7. Malleable Cast Iron 213
Literature 216
Part Three
Heat Treatment
Chapter 9. General Principles of Heat Treatment 217
9-1. Temperature and Time 217
9-2. Classification of Types of Heat Treatment 219
9-3. Heat Treatment and the Constitutional Diagram ... 221
9-4. Principal Types of Heat Treatment of Steel 223
9-5. Four Principal Transformations in Steel 225
Literature 227
Chapter 10. The Theory of Heat Treatment of Steel 228
10-1. Formation of Austenite 229
10-2. Coarsening of Austenitic Grain 230
10-3. Decomposition oí Austenite 236
10-4. Martensitic Transformation 249
10-5. Bainitic Transformation 261
10-6. Transformations on Tempering 264
10-7. Effect of Heat Treatment on Steel Properties 268
10-8. Thermomechanical Treatment 273
Literature 276
Chapter 11. Practice of Heat Treatment of Steel 27?
11-1. Hardening Temperature 277
11-2. Heating Time 279
11-3. Chemical Action of the Heating Médium 280
11-4. Quenching Media 282
11-5. Hardenability 284
11-6. Internál Stresses 291
11-7. Methods of Quenching 293
11-8. Sub-zero Treatment of Steel 296
11-9. Defects in Hardened Steel 296
11-10. Annealing and Normalizing 298
Literature 301
hapter 12. Surface Hardening of Steel 302
12-1. General 302
12-2. Induction Hardening 304
Literature 307
Chapter 13. Chemical Heat Treatment of Steel 308
13-1. The Theory of Chemical Heat Treatment 308
13-2. Carburizing 313
13-3. Nitriding 320
13-4. Cyaniding 325
13-5. Metallic Cementation 327
Literature 328
Index 329

Témakörök